刘润清《新编语言学教程》复习笔记 【完整内容点击文中链接获取】
第一章 导言
1 有关语言学的常考考点
(1) 语言学的定义，现代语言学与传统语法学研究的区别。
(2) 语言学中几组重要概念，每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义。
(3) 普通语言学的主要分支学科及各自的研究范畴。
(4) 宏观语言学及应用语言学的主要分支及各自的研究范畴。
2 有关语言的常考考点
(1) 语言的定义；语言的基本特征（任意性、二重性、能产性、移位性、互换性、专门性和文化传递性）；
(2) 语言的功能（寒暄、指示、信息、疑问、表达、劝说和施为）；
(3) 语言的起源（本能论、唱歌说、模仿说、摹声说、感叹说、劳动喊声说等。）
Ⅰ. Definition of linguistics (语言学的定义)
【考点：名词解释】
The scientific study of language which is led by the three scientific canons: exhaustiveness, consistency and economy.
语言学是对语言的科学或系统的研究。语言学研究的科学性可以归纳为：穷尽性、一致性以及简洁性。
Ⅱ. Linguistics vs. traditional grammar (语言学与传统语法)
Linguistics differs from traditional grammar at least in three basic ways.
1 Linguistics describes, while traditional grammar prescribes.
2 Linguistics believes that speech is prior to writing.
3 Linguistics describes each language on its own merits, while traditional grammar analyzes language based on a Latin-based frame-work.
语言学在以下三方面不同于传统语法。
1 语言学描述语言，传统语法设定规则。
2 语言学认为口语是基础而非文字。
3 语言学根据语言本身的优点来描述每种语言，而传统语法则基于拉丁语的框架来分析语言。
Ⅲ. Scope of linguistics (语言学的研究范畴)
1 Microlinguistics(微观语言学)
Phonetics语音学
Phonology音系学
Morphology形态学
Syntax句法学
Semantics语义学
Pragmatics语用学
2 Macrolinguistics (宏观语言学)
Sociolinguistics社会语言学
Psycholinguistics心理语言学
Neurolinguistics神经语言学
Stylistics文体学
Discourse analysis语篇分析
Computational linguistics计算语言学
Cognitive linguistics认知语言学
Applied linguistics应用语言学
Ⅳ. Definition of language (语言的定义)
【考点：名词解释】
1 Language is a system—the elements of language are not organized and combined at random, but rather according to certain rules.
2 Language is arbitrary—the absence of any natural or necessary connection between a word’s meaning and its sound or form.
3 Language is vocal—sound is the primary medium for all languages.
4 Language is used for human communication—language is different from the communication systems animals possess.
1 语言是一个系统——其元素非任意排列，而是根据一定规则组合的。
2 语言是任意的——一个词的意思和它的声音或形式之间没有任何自然或必要的联系。
3 语言是口头的——是所有语言的基本交流形式。
4 语言是人类用来交流的工具——不同于动物的交流系统。
Ⅴ. Origins of language (语言的起源)
1 Ding-Dong Theory (本能论)
Language began when humans started naming objects after a relevant sound that was already involved in their everyday life.
语言起源于人类用与日常生活相关的声音来命名物体。
2 Sing-Song Theory (唱歌说)
Language arose from rhythmic primitive chants associated with ritual dance.
语言起源于与仪式舞蹈相联系的原始圣歌。
3 Pooh-Pooh Theory (感叹说)
Language comes from the automatic vocal responses to pain, fear, surprise, or other emotions: a laugh, a shriek, a gasp.
语言来源于对痛苦、恐惧、惊讶或其他情感的自动声音反应：大笑、尖叫、喘息。
4 Yo-He-Ho Theory (劳动喊声说)
Language started with the rhythmic sounds people used when they worked together.
语言来源于共同劳动时发出的有节奏的声音。
5 Ta-Ta Theory (模仿说)
Language came from the use of tongue and mouth gestures to mimic manual gestures.
语言来源于用舌头和嘴的手势来模仿手的手势。
6 Bow-Wow Theory (摹声说)
Language developed as onomatopoeia, imitations of natural sounds.
语言起源于拟声词，即对自然声音的模仿。
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刘润清《新编语言学教程》笔记  |
Ⅵ. Design features of language (语言的定义特征)
【重点、考点：论述语言的识别特征】
1 Arbitrariness (任意性)
This refers to the fact that there is no natural or necessary connection between a word’s meaning and its sound or form. There is no explanation why English use the sounds /kæt/ to refer to the animal cat, or why Chinese use the word “mao” to refer to the same animal. The relation between the sounds and what they denote is entirely arbitrary.
任意性是指某个符号的声音与意义之间没有逻辑或内在联系。例如，英文中用/ kæt /来指动物猫，而中文却用“mao”。单词的声音与其意义之间的关系是任意的。
2 Duality (二重性)
Language consists of two sets of structures. At the lower level is a structure of sounds which is meaningless in themselves. These sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning (morphemes and words etc.) at the higher level. These meaningful units at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. Human language, for example, has a variety of sound units, called phonemes, but each phoneme is usually meaningless on its own. It only becomes meaningful when combined with other phonemes to form a morpheme.
二重性指语言有两个系统的特征。在较低的层次上是无意义的声音系统。这些声音可以被分割并在较高层次上重新组合成大量的意义单位(语素和单词等)。这些有意义的单位可以被安排和重新安排成无限数量的句子。比如，人类语言中的音素，独立的音素本身通常是没有意义的，当与其他因素结合起来形成语素才有可能产生意义。
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