考研英语（一）历年真题详解 【完整内容点击文中链接获取】
Last year marked the third year in a row that Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.
In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.
But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.
That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says.
Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.
Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012—including during Indonesia’s phase—in of the antipoverty program—in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. Ferraro separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss. With that, “we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.
That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.
Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess. Ferraro suggests their results may transfer to other parts of Asia, due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice and market access. And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the environment, Ferraro says. Even if this program didn’t reduce poverty, he says, “the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.”
26．According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to _____.
A. facilitate health care reform
B. help poor families get better off
C. improve local education systems
D. lower deforestation rates
27．The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that _____.
A. cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor
B. CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles
C. antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers
D. economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation
28．In his study about Indonesia, Ferraro intends to find out _____.
A. its acceptance level of CCTs
B. its annual rate of poverty alleviation
C. the relation of CCTs to its forest loss
D. the role of its forests in climate change
29．According to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that _____.
A. it will benefit other Asian countries
B. it will reduce regional inequality
C. it can protect the environment
D. it can boost grain production
30．What is the text centered on?
A. The effects of a program.
B. The debates over a program.
C. The process of a study.
D. The transferability of a study.
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考研英语（一）历年真题详解 |
26、事实细节题。根据题干定位到第二段。该段第二句“Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty.”指出，这些社会援助计划被称为有条件现金转移，旨在减少不平等、打破贫困循环。B选项“帮助贫困家庭脱贫”与之相对应，故B选项正确。
27、细节推理题。根据题干提示定位到第四段。该段第三句“The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view.”指出，基于墨西哥一个CCT实施地区的研究分析了其中的相关性，支持了传统观点，根据第三段内容可知，传统观点是指“扶贫和环境保护往往被视为相互矛盾的目标”，而人们拥有这种观点的原因是“经济增长可能与环境恶化相关，而环境保护有时与更严重的贫困相关”，因此可以推断出这个例子是为了说明“经济增长往往导致环境退化”。故D选项正确。
28、事实细节题。根据题干提示定位到第五段和第六段。第五段第二句“Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation.”指出，费拉罗的研究意图是探究印尼的扶贫项目是否会影响森林砍伐，第六段进而分析了从2008年到2012年印度尼西亚多个地区深林覆盖情况的卫星数据，并得出结论：CCT项目与森林砍伐的减少呈现30%的相关性。故C选项正确。
29、事实细节题。根据最后一段倒数第二句“And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the environment”可知，CCT项目不仅对人们有益，也对保护环境有莫大的价值。故C选项正确。
30、主旨大意题。纵观全文，本文主要围绕CCT项目与森林砍伐展开，论述了CCT项目的实施减少了森林砍伐现象，有助于环境保护。故A选项正确。
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