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第一部分 考研真题精选
一、填空题
1 Chomsky proposes that the course of language acquisition is determined by a(n) _____language faculty.[中山大学2018研]
【答案】innate
【解析】乔姆斯基认为语言习得的过程是由人的内在语言机制决定的。
2 _____ refers to the role language plays in communication (e.g. to express ideas, attitudes) or in particular social situations (e.g. Religious, legal).[北二外2016研]
【答案】Function
【解析】本题考查语言学中对“语言的功能”的定义。功能指的是语言在沟通中(例如表达观点、态度)或在特定社交场合(如宗教、法律)中所起的作用。
3 Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the _____it is associated with.[人大2007研]
【答案】meaning
【解析】索绪尔认为符号的形式或声音与其意义之间没有逻辑联系，所以两者之间的关系是任意的。
4 Some sentences do not describe things. They cannot be said to be true or false. The utterance of these sentences is or is a part of the doing of an action. They are called _____.[大连外国语学院2008研]
【答案】performative
【解析】施为句是用来做事的，既不陈述事实，也不描述情况，且不能验证其真假。
5 Phonetics is the study of _____ sounds that the human voice is capable of creating whereas phonology is the study of a subset of those sounds that constitute language and meaning.[北京邮电大学2015研]
【答案】speech
【解析】本题考查语音学和音系学的含义。语音学研究语音的发生、传递和感知。音系学研究的是语言的语音系统。换句话说，音系学研究的是说话人为表达意义而系统地选择语音的方法。
6 A principal distinction between morphology and syntax is that the former is concerned with the internal composition of a word, whereas the latter is concerned with _____ of words.[中山大学2017研]
【答案】combinations
【解析】Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning-morphemes and word-formation processes. Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structure.
7 One of the important distinctions in linguistics is _____ and performance.[人大2006研]
【答案】competence
【解析】语言能力指理想的语言使用者关于语言规则的语言知识，语言应用指语言交际中关于语言规则知识的实际使用。
8 When a word appears in a variety of forms depending on its grammatical role in the sentence we say that it undergoes _____.[中山大学2018研]
【答案】inflection
【解析】曲折变化是指通过添加屈折词缀，如数，人称，限定性，体和格等来表示某词语法关系的变化。
9 _____ is said of the study of development of language and languages over time.[北二外2016研]
【答案】Diachronic
【解析】本题考查历时性的定义。语言的历时性指语言随时间的延续而引发的变化。语言的历时性是相对于语言的共时性而言的，共时性语言学是研究理论上处于一个时点的语言，描写语言的一个“状态”，不管正在发生哪些变化。
10 When air is forced out of the lungs, it causes the _____ _____ to vibrate.[中山大学2018研]
【答案】vocal folds
【解析】语音产生是以气流为能量来源的。在大多数情况下，气流源自肺部，气流从肺中压出，引起声带的振动。
11 _____ is the study of speech sounds that the human voice is capable of creating whereas phonology is the study of a subset of those sounds that constitute language and meaning. The first focuses on chaos while the second focuses on order.[北京邮电大学2016研]
【答案】Phonetics
【解析】本题考查语音学和音系学的含义。语音学研究语音的发生、传递和感知。音系学研究的是语言的语音系统。换句话说，音系学研究的是说话人为表达意义而系统地选择语音的方法。
【完整版】 达聪网 胡壮麟《语言学教程》（第5版）配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】
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