王佐良《欧洲文化入门》教材复习笔记整理 【完整内容点击文中链接获取】
第1章 希腊罗马文化
Ⅰ. The historical background
Ⅱ. Political Structure and Social Life
Ⅲ. Homer
Ⅳ. Lyric Poetry
Ⅴ. Drama
Ⅵ. History
1 Herodotus
2 Thucydides
Ⅶ. Philosophy and Science
1 Pythagoras
2 Heracleitus
3 Democritus
4 Socrates
5 Plato
6 Aristotle
7 Contending Schools of Thought
8 Science
Ⅷ. Art, Architecture, Sculpture and Pottery
1 Art
2 Architecture
3 Sculpture
4 Pottery
Ⅸ. The impact of Greek Literature
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(1) A war broke out between Greece and Troy, and the war ended in Troy’s defeat.
(2) The most prosperous period of Greek culture was the fifth century BC. After repelling the Persian invasion, Athens established democracy. The war between Athens and Sparta ended this glorious period.
(3) In the second half of the 4th century B.C., Alexander Emperor of the Kingdom of Macedon ruled Greece.
(4) In 146 B.C. the Romans conquered Greece.
（1）希腊和特洛伊之间爆发了战争，战争以特洛伊的失败而告终。
（2）希腊文化最为繁荣的时期是公元前五世纪。击退波斯的入侵后，雅典建立了民主政治。雅典和斯巴达之间的战争结束了这一辉煌时期。
（3）公元前四世纪下半期，马其顿王国的亚历山大帝统治了希腊。
（4）公元前146年，罗马统治了希腊。
Ⅱ. Political Structure and Social Life（政治结构和社会生活）
Athens was a democratic country. However, only male citizens of the country participated in democracy. Women, children, foreigners and slaves did not. Athenians loved sports. Every four years, they held sports activities on Mount Olympus.
雅典是一个民主国家，然而只有国家的男性公民才享有民主，妇女、孩子、外国人以及奴隶是没有的。雅典人热爱运动，每隔四年，他们都会在奥林匹斯山上举行运动活动。
Ⅲ. Homer（诗人荷马）
★The Greeks regarded Homer as their epic poet. His two epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey, have survived.
★the Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy. The heroes are Hector on the Trojan side and Achilles and Odysseus on the Greek. In the final battle, Hector was killed by Achilles and Troy was sacked and burned by the Greeks.
★the Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home island of Ithaca. It tells some of the adventures he encountered in the Odyssey during the long sea voyage, and how he reunited with his loyal wife Penelope in the end.
★希腊人把荷马当作是他们的史诗诗人。他的两部史诗作品，“伊利亚特”和“奥德赛”留存了下来。
★“伊利亚特”讲述的是由阿伽门农领导的希腊南部城邦联盟对抗特洛伊的事。故事中的英雄分别是特洛伊的黑客多和希腊的阿喀琉斯和奥德修斯。在最后的战斗中，赫克多被阿喀琉斯和特洛伊杀死了，特洛伊被洗劫一空并被烧掉。
★“奥德赛”讲述了特洛伊战争后奥德赛回家乡伊萨卡岛的事。它描述了在漫长的海上航行中奥德赛所遇到的一些冒险，以及他最后是如何与他那忠贞的妻子佩内洛普团聚的事情。
Ⅳ. Lyric Poetry（抒情诗）
Homer’s epics were not the only form of poetry the Greeks had written. There were other forms, such as lyrics. Of the many lyric poets of the time, two are still admired by readers today: Sappho and Pindar.
古希腊人除了写史诗，还写抒情诗。这个时期的重要抒情诗人包括Sappho and Pindar.
Ⅴ. Drama（戏剧）
The Greeks started acting early on religious festivals, including comedies. For this reason, an important drama appeared in the fifth century BC.
Three important drama writers:
a. Aeschylus (525—456 B.C.)
b. Sophocles (496—406 B.C.)
c. Euripides (484—406 B.C.)
早在遥远的过去，希腊人就开始在宗教节日时演戏，包括喜剧。以此为由，公元前五世纪出现了一种重要的戏剧。
Ⅵ. History（历史作品）
1 Herodotus (484—430 B.C.) （赫罗多斯）
He is often called “Father of History”, wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians.
他被称为“历史之父”，写的主要是希腊和波斯之间的战争。
2 Thucydides (about 460—404 B.C.) （修斯底德）
Younger than Herodotus, he is more accurate as an historian. Macaulay called Thucydides “the greatest historian that ever lived.”
他被著名的历史学家Macaulay称为最伟大的历史学家。
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