刘意青《简明英国文学史》考研笔记整理 【完整内容点击文中链接获取】
第1部分 古代和中世纪英国文学 (450-1485)
第1章 古英语时期与《贝奥武甫》
(450-1066)
Ⅰ. Historical Situation（背景知识）
Celts started to migrate to the British Isles in around BC 600. Afterwards, Julius Caesar of the Roman Empire led troops to invade the British Isles. As a result, Celts were defeated and were under Roman’s rule from BC 55 to AD 407.
凯尔特人在公元前600年移居大不列颠岛。后来，凯撒大帝率领罗马军队入侵，打败了凯尔特人，在公元前55年到公元407年统治着这里。
After the Romans, three Germanic tribes, namely, Angles, Saxons and Jutes attacked the British Isles and lived there, which happened in around AD 450. Later in the late 8th century, the Danes from Scandinavia began to plunder the Isles.
继罗马人之后，来自欧洲大陆的三个部落——盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人——在约公元450年入侵了不列颠。8世纪末，斯堪的纳维亚半岛的丹麦人开始掠夺不列颠岛。
The significant historical event that followed was the 1066 Norman Conquest. The Normans from northern France struck England and at the battle of Hastings won a decisive victory under the leadership of the Duke of Normandy known as William the Conqueror.
后来，1066年发生了重大的历史事件——诺曼征服。来自法国北部的诺曼底人对英格兰进行攻击，并在征服者威廉——公爵威廉的率领下在海斯廷斯战役取得了压倒性胜利。
Ⅱ. Literary Achievements（文学成就）
Old English Poetry（古英语诗歌）
English literature begins with Anglo-Saxons’ settlement in England. The early English literature mainly included the Anglo-Saxon poetry. The minstrels sung those poems to the chiefs and warriors in the feasting hall as a way of praising old heroes’ deeds. The Old English used alliterations and rhymes regularly. Meanwhile, metaphors and understatements were also employed. Among early poems, the most widespread one is Beowulf.
英国文学始于盎格鲁-撒克逊人在英国定居时期。古英国文学中所保留的作品多为诗歌或者盎格鲁-撒克逊游吟诗人所唱的歌曲，这些游吟诗人在宴会大厅里为那些首领和勇士歌唱古时的英雄事迹。古英语中有规律地运用了头韵和韵律，同时也用到了比喻和轻描淡写手法。流传最广的早期英语诗歌是《贝奥武甫》。
Ⅲ. Literary Terms（文学术语）
1、 Anglo-Saxon poetry（盎格鲁-撒克逊诗歌）
Poems or songs about the heroic deeds of the old time. They were sung by the Anglo-Saxon minstrels to the chiefs and warriors in the feasting-hall. The typical Anglo-Saxon poem is Beowulf.
是由盎格鲁-撒克逊游吟诗人吟唱的古代英雄事迹的诗歌或者歌曲。这些诗歌或者歌曲主要是在宴会厅唱给首领或者武士们。代表诗作是《贝奥武甫》。
2、 Alliteration（头韵）
Alliteration is the repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry. Generally, there are 4 accents in a line, and three accents can show the effects of alliteration. Alliteration is noticeably used in Beowulf.
就是诗歌里开头辅音字母的重复。一行诗歌里一般有4个音节，三个音节能够显示出头韵的效果。在《贝奥武甫》里对头韵有明显的运用。
3、 Epic (or Heroic Poetry)（史诗）
It is narrative poetry in an oral form and is majestic in theme and style. Epics center on legendary or historical events that bear national or universal significance, such as action of broad sweep and grandeur. Epic poems present the nature or ideals of a nation at a significant period of its history.
古代民间文学的一种体裁，通常指以传说或重大历史事件为题材的古代长篇民间叙事诗。史诗主要歌颂每个民族在其形成和发展过程中战胜所经历的各种艰难险阻、克服自然灾害、抵御外侮的斗争及其英雄业绩。
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【完整版】 达聪网 刘意青《简明英国文学史》考研笔记整理
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