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第1章 英美社会生活
Answer the Questions.
1．Why is it so difficult to describe the social life in the UK and in the USA in general?
【答案】Because there are similarities in both, yet differences can be seen not only in terms of the social life within each country, but also in the contrast of the social life between the two countries.
2．What are the five accounts in the explanation of social life in the UK?
【答案】
(1) The two distinctions in the British society.
(2) The different life styles in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland in which the diversified life is emphasized.
(3) The welfare programme.
(4) The high standard of living of the British people.
(5) The concentration of population.
3．What are the five accounts in the explanation of social life in the USA? How do you like the accounts in terms of social life in the UK and in the USA respectively?
【答案】
(1) The diversity of its people.
(2) The “nuclear family”.
(3) The gap between the poor and the rich.
(4) The social concerns, premarital sexual relationships and homosexuality.
(5) Violence in the USA
I think the accounts are very good. It makes us very clear of the social life in these two countries.
4．Why is the rate of divorce in the USA high? What is your view?
【答案】I think there must be some relationship with the sex morality. A lot of young men and women began to live together and have sex with different people before getting married. Rather than say their marriage is based on love, we’d better say it is based on sex. Marriage without love can’t last long.
5．What do you think explains the gap between the poor and the rich?
【答案】The difference between the rich and the poor is great because of the social system.
6．Imagine how different life is between a Muslim woman in Scotland and a Christian man in London and discuss the differences.
【答案】First, their clothes will be quite different, because they have different beliefs. Second, their accent will also be different from each other, which is decided by the person itself and the place they live. Thirdly, they both have their different dialects.
第2章 英美教育
Answer the Questions
1．Compare the primary education of the UK with that of the USA.
【答案】
USA: In the United States of America many children begin their school education at the age of six. Most state schools offer ten years of education and some offer twelve. Students usually graduate from high school at the age of 18. Five-year-old children have one year of preschool training in many schools. The academic year lasts nine months, from September to June, with winter and spring vacations. Classes are held five days a week, from Monday to Friday.
In primary schools, courses for children include reading, writing and there are also social courses (such as history, geography, and civics of government), science, art and music. Students can also learn cooking and manual skills such as carpentry and sewing. They can do physical exercises on the playground or in gymnasiums.
UK: In the UK, there is a complete system of state primary and secondary education—primary up to the age of eleven, and secondary from eleven to sixteen or eighteen. All children must by law receive full-time education from the age of five to sixteen. Any child may attend without paying fees until they are eighteen. Education at this stage up to 16 is compulsory.
In addition there are quite a number of educational institutions for all the school ages that are supported entirely by fees and private funds. These are the independent or “public” schools. There is also private education in Britain
2．Compare the secondary education of the UK with that of the USA.
【答案】
USA: When a pupil has finished his primary middle school education, he goes to high school automatically. There is no entrance exam. In high school, a student will study English literature and composition, social science, mathematics, laboratory experiments and foreign languages, as well as art, music and physical education.
In most high schools, in addition to general education, there is also vocational training for specific occupations. Through this kind of training, students may obtain enough skills to work as secretaries, or automobile mechanics, etc. after graduation. As for the handicapped children (blind, deaf, crippled, etc.) special programmes are provided in some schools.
A high school teacher has usually majored in the field of his special interest and in addition, he may have a MA degree in education.
UK: In the UK there are two complete secondary education systems: the state schools and the “public” schools. In secondary schools their curricula are determined by standard examinations required for university entrance. Pupils usually study 6 or 7 subjects: English, French and German, mathematics, two sciences and history, but different types of schools have different emphases.
At this stage of education, there are various schools: grammar schools, comprehensive secondary schools, technical schools, secondary modern schools and “public” schools. The first four schools belong to the state system, while public schools belong to the category of the independent schools. Very few grammar schools and secondary schools belong to the old system. All these schools are the products of various periods in history.
3．Make a contrast between the higher education in the UK and that of the USA.
【答案】
USA: There are three types of institutions of higher education in the United States of America. The first type is the two-year college, originally called a “junior college”. Now it is named a “community college”, which serves as a bridge that connects secondary schools and universities. The second is the four-year college, often called a “liberal arts college” or a “college of arts and science”. Finally is the American university, which is an institution, more comprehensive and complex than any other kind of US higher educational establishment. There are two kinds of master’s degree. One requires a dissertation paper, which counts for a certain number of credits that usually constitute part of the degree programme. Another kind doesn’t require a dissertation paper, but more credits are required in the process of study. An oral or written examination may also be required for the degree that doesn’t require a dissertation paper.
UK: There are over forty universities in Britain. They can be divided into five types. First of all, the “old universities” refers to Oxford and Cambridge which were the only two universities in England until the nineteenth century. The four Scottish universities, which came into existence in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries are the second type of university in the UK. The universities founded from 1830 to 1930 are the third categories. The fourth type is the group of universities or university colleges which sprang up after the Second World War in the not-too-large, but not-too-small industrial towns. The last is the Open University*, which was founded in 1969 and is a most interesting innovation of higher education.
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