第1章 盎格鲁-撒克逊时期(450～1066)
Ⅰ. Historical Background（历史背景）
(1) The Celts were the earliest ones who settled in the British Isles and they came here about 600 B.C.
不列颠群岛最早的定居者是凯尔特人，他们大约在公元前600年移民到不列颠群岛。
(2) From 55 B.C. to 407 A.D. the Roman Empire took control over the British Isles.
从公元前55年到公元407年，罗马帝国统治了不列颠群岛。
(3) About 450 A.D., due to the occupation of the British Isles by the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes and their settlement in England, the Celts had to leave for Ireland, Scotland and Wales.
公元450年左右，由于盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人占领了不列颠群岛，并在英格兰定居，凯尔特人不得不前往爱尔兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(4) Around 500 A.D., the legendary Celtic King Arthur made his name in his struggle with Cerdic who established the Wessex kingdom.
大约在公元500年，在与威塞克斯王国创始人塞尔迪克的斗争中，传说中的凯尔特王亚瑟获得了他的名声。
(5) In the early fifties of the 8th century, the Danes, or the Vikings threatened to take over the ruling of originally the eastern coast of England and then the whole land of it.
在8世纪50年代初期，丹麦人又叫北欧海盗企图接管英格兰，开始是东海岸，进而威胁到整个国家的统治。
(6) In the later part of the 9th century, King Alfred, the Great of Wessex (849～899), in collaboration with the Anglo-Saxon kings, repelled the intruders.
在9世纪后半期，阿尔弗雷德国王，威塞克斯的统治者领导盎格鲁-撒克逊的国王们团结一致打败了入侵者。
(7) In the early 11th century, the Danes, after controlling the whole England for 23 years, were driven away. But in l066, the Duke of Normandy, as the leader of the subjects from Normandy in northern France, invaded England and took control of it.
在11世纪早期，整个英格兰已经被丹麦统治23年了。后来丹麦人被驱逐出境，但是1066年，诺曼人从法国北部的诺曼底登陆，在诺曼底公爵的领导下袭击英格兰，宣布他对英国的统治。
罗经国《新编英国文学选读》（第4版）笔记和考研真题详解
Ⅱ. Northumbrian School and Wessex literature（诺森伯兰流派和西萨克斯文学）
There were two highlights in the development of the Anglo-Saxon literature.
盎格鲁-撒克逊文学发展史上有两个制高点：
(1) The first highlight was the Northumbrian School, centering on the monasteries and abbeys in the kingdom of Northumbria. A closely relevant figure was Caedmon. He lived in the 7th century and rewrote the biblical stories in the form of verse. The Venerable Bede (673～735), a monk, is also a highly respected figure of this school. His works were written in Latin and he earned the title of “Father of English History” by The Ecclesiastical History of English People.
第一个制高点是诺森伯兰流派。它的中心是诺森伯兰王国的寺庙和修道院。和这个学派密切相关的是生活在7世纪的凯德蒙，他将圣经中的故事转化成诗歌的形式。另外一位代表人物是可敬的修道士圣彼得(673～735)，他的作品是用拉丁文写成的，他凭借《英吉利教会史》一书，被誉为“英国历史之父”。
(2) In 871 Alfred was crowned king of Wessex. He promoted the development of English literature in the following three aspects. Firstly, some educational books written in Latin were translated into West Saxon dialect. King Alfred himself is said to have translated the history by Bede. Secondly, Alfred helped push ahead with the writing of The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which covered the history from Caesar’s conquest to major events until 1154. It carries significant historical value as well as literary value. Thirdly, he was a pioneer in the intelligible style of the Anglo-Saxon prose.
871年，阿尔弗雷德成了威塞克斯之王，他对英国文学的贡献包括以下三个方面：①一些具有教育价值的拉丁文书籍被翻译成西撒克逊方言。据说阿尔弗雷德本人翻译了彼得写的史书；②他推动了《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史》的撰写。史书包括从凯撒征战到1154年间发生的重要事件。它具有重要的历史价值和文学价值；③他是通俗易懂的盎格鲁-撒克逊散文的先驱。
About 30, 000 lines of Anglo-Saxon poetry, including the long epic poetry Beowulf, some religious poems, heroic poem and elegies, have been preserved. The first one is Widsith. Maldon is the latest one and it centers on the battle of Maldon. The best known one is Beowulf.
被保存下来的盎格鲁-撒克逊诗句大约有30,000句。其中包括长篇史诗《贝奥武甫》、宗教诗、英雄诗和挽歌。最早的诗是《威德西兹》，最后一首诗歌是《马尔顿》，此诗关于马尔顿战役。最著名的盎格鲁-撒克逊诗歌是《贝奥武甫》。
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