吴定柏《美国文学大纲》（第2版）笔记和考研真题详解 【完整内容点击文中链接获取】
第1章 殖民地时期的美国文学
Ⅰ. Native American Literature（美国本土文学）
1 Background（背景）
(1) In 1492, Christopher Columbus arrived in North America, where there were more than two thousand independent tribes and about one million natives of Asian origin.
(2) The oral literature of all Indian tribes is rich in literary tastes and forms, including songs, prayers, spells, charms, riddles, and stories.
(1) 1492年，克里斯多弗·哥伦布到达北美洲，那里有两千多独立的部落，大约一百万土著亚洲居民。
(2) 所有印第安部落的口头文学都很丰富，形式多种多样，包括歌曲，祈祷，符咒，谜语和故事等。不同的部落文学风格不同。
2 Traditional Literature（传统文学）
Traditional literature was almost always transmitted orally. For a long time, Native Americans saw literature as functional.
传统文学几乎都是以口头形式传播。很长一段时间，印第安人认为文学是功能性的。
3 Transitional Literature（过渡文学）
Transition literature refers to the translation of 19th-century Indian speakers and the recollection of the dominance of American white in Indian life.
过渡文学指的是19世纪印第安演讲者的翻译和印第安生活中涉及白人占主导地位的回忆。
4 Modern Literature（现代文学）
The modern literature includes novels, short stories, and poetry written in English by Native Americans of the 19th century to the 21st century.
现代文学包括19世纪到21世纪美国文学家创作的英语长篇小说，短篇小说和诗歌。
Ⅱ. Literature of Colonial Settlements（殖民地时期的文学）
1 Background（背景）
(1) The first settlers in North America were the Spanish.
(2) In 1620, the Pilgrims, mainly modest rural folks, arrived in Plymouth, New England.
(1) 最早到达北美洲的殖民者是西班牙人。
(2) 1620年，清教徒，主要是谦逊的农村人，来到新英格兰地区的普利茅斯。
2 Puritanism（清教徒）
The Puritans in America were practical idealists. They longed for religious freedom, more economic opportunities, land, and adventures. They were both dogmatists and opportunists.
美国的清教徒是实际的理想主义者。他强烈要求宗教自由；渴望更多的经济机会，渴望土地和冒险。清教徒既是教条主义者，又是机会主义者。
3 Literature of Early Settlements（早期文学）
(1) Early New England literature mainly expressed Puritan idealism.
(2) John Smith’s A Map of Virginia (1612) and A Description of the Country (1616) glorify his adventures in America.
(3) Anne Bradstreet is a poetess whose masterpiece The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America (1650) reflects the problems faced by women settling in the colonies.
(1) 新英格兰早期的文学主要表达了清教徒的唯心主义。
(2) 约翰·史密斯的《弗吉尼亚的地图》和《国家描述》鼓吹了他在美国的探险历程。
(3) 安妮·布雷兹特里特是一位女诗人，她的代表作《第十位缪斯》反映了到殖民地安顿下来的女性所面临的问题。
4 Characteristics（特点）
All the works of this period are utilitarian, polemical, or didactic. The purpose of literature for Puritans was above all usefulness.
这一时期的所有作品都是功利的，好辩的或说教的。为清教徒服务的文学目的首先是有用性。
Ⅲ. Literature of the Eighteenth Century（18世纪的文学）
1 Background（背景）
Jonathan Edwards and Benjamin Franklin were representative of the idealism of Puritans and crude materialism in America in the 18th century, an age of reason and order.
乔纳森·爱德华兹和本杰明·富兰克林是18世纪的代表，他们代表了清教徒天真的唯心主义和原始的唯物主义。18世纪的美国充满理性和秩序。
2 Jonathan Edwards (1703—1758)（乔纳森·爱德华兹）
(1) Life（生平）
①Edwards is the last representative of American Calvinism. He advocated religious fervor and devotion.
②However, Edwards strayed from his original intention. In 1750, he was dismissed from the church.
①爱德华兹是美国最后一个复古加尔文主义的代表人，爱德华兹崇尚他们的宗教热情和忠诚。
②然而，爱德华兹偏离了初衷。1750年，他被教堂解雇。
(2) Literary Achievements（文学成就）
The Personal Narrative, written around 1740, recounts how he became pious and his feelings afterward.
《个人叙述》写于1740年，记述他如何信仰宗教以及信仰宗教之后的感受。
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