语言学习与语言教学的原则（第3版）考研笔记划重点

Ⅰ. Language（语言的定义）
A coalition of the definitions of language yields the composite definitions as followed.
1 Language is productive and systematic.
2 Language is an arbitrary set of symbols.
3 Those signs are mainly vocal, but may also be visual.
4 The signs have conventional meanings to which they relate.
5 Language is for communication.
6 Language runs on a speech group or culture.
7 Language is human in essence, although it may not be limited to human beings.
8 Humans acquire language in roughly the same way-language and language learning both have common characteristics.
语言的定义可以从以下8个方面来理解：
1 语言是生成的、系统的；
2 语言是一套任意的符号；
3 这些符号主要是声音的，但也可能是视觉的；
4 符号有特定的含义；
5 语言用于交际；
6 语言在语言社区或文化中起作用；
7 语言从根本上来说是人类语言，尽管语言可能不只限于人类世界；
8 人们学习语言的方式大体相似，语言和语言学习具有普遍特征。
Ⅱ. Learning and teaching（学习和教学的定义）
1 Learning（学习）
Resolving the elements of the definition of learning, we can extract main points of research and inquiry:
(1) Learning is acquisition or “getting”.
(2) Learning is preservation of information or skills.
(3) Retention means storage mechanisms, memory, cognitive organization.
(4) Learning refers to active, conscious focus on and response to internal and external events in the organism.
(5) Learning is relatively permanent, but knowledge may be forgotten.
(6) Learning concerns some form of practice, perhaps intensive practice
(7) Learning is a behavior change.
学习的定义可以从以下7个方面来理解：
（1）学习是习得或“获得”；
（2）学习是保留信息或技巧；
（3）保留需要存储系统，记忆力，认知结构；
（4）学习包括对有机体的内外事件做出主动的、有意识的关注，并对其做出反应；
（5）学习相对持久，但会遗忘；
（6）学习涉及某些形式的练习，也许是强化练习；
（7）学习是行为的改变。